Top 10 African Modernists

Published 06 February 2025 in The Legacy

Uche Okeke Legacy Editorial

African modernism is a vibrant and transformative movement that redefined art on the continent during the 20th century. At its heart lies Uche Okeke and a small group of modern Masters, whose work and philosophy exemplify the blending of tradition and modernity. This exploration highlights ten African modernists, celebrating their contributions within the movement.


1. Uche Okeke (Nigeria)

  • Why He Stands Out: Known as the "Father of African Modernism," Okeke pioneered the incorporation of Igbo Uli art into contemporary practices. His philosophy of "Natural Synthesis" bridged indigenous traditions and modern art, influencing generations of African artists.
  • Notable Work: Primeval Beast / Fabled Brute, 1961, a concept taken from Igbo folklore that portrays a deep connection to the artists' roots and traditions.


Uche Okeke, Primeval Beast / Fabled Brute, 1961, Oil on Wood, 47.9 x 36 inches


Did You Know?

Okeke’s Zaria Art Society was nicknamed the "Zaria Rebels" because of their rejection of colonial art teachings.


2. Bruce Onobrakpeya (Nigeria)

  • Legacy: A leading member of the Zaria Art Society, Onobrakpeya revolutionised printmaking with his innovative techniques and rich storytelling.
  • Notable Work: Sahelian Masquerade, 1988, which blends traditional and contemporary motifs.
  • Collaboration with Okeke: Both were part of the Zaria Art Society, challenging colonial narratives through art.


3. Ibrahim El-Salahi (Sudan)

  • Legacy: A pioneer of African modernism with a unique style blending Islamic calligraphy and African symbolism.
  • Notable Work: His monochromatic piece, Vision of the Tomb, 1965, features dreamlike, surrealist elements.
  • Parallels with Okeke: Both emphasised the importance of cultural heritage as a foundation for modern art.


4. Seydou Keïta (Mali)

  • Legacy: Renowned for his black-and-white portrait photography, Keïta documented post-independence Mali with an eye for cultural elegance and identity.
  • Notable Work: His series of family and individual portraits that showcased traditional garments and modern influences.


5. El Anatsui (Ghana)

  • Legacy: Known for his monumental installations using discarded materials, such as bottle caps, to explore themes of waste, history, and renewal.
  • Notable Work: Earth’s Skin, 2009, a shimmering tapestry of recycled metals.
  • Connection to Okeke: A graduate of the Nsukka School, Anatsui’s work carries forward Okeke’s philosophy of cultural and material synthesis.



El Anatsui, Wikimedia Commons


6. Ben Enwonwu (Nigeria)

  • Legacy: A master of figurative sculpture and painting, Enwonwu is known for works that explore African identity and post-colonialism.
  • Notable Work: Anyawu, 1954 - 1955, a bronze sculpture symbolising the resilience of Nigeria’s spirit.
  • Connection to Okeke: Both artists were instrumental in advocating for a uniquely African modernism.


7. Gerard Sekoto (South Africa)

  • Legacy: Known as the "father of South African art," Sekoto’s works depict the daily lives of black South Africans during apartheid.
  • Notable Work: Song of the Pick, 1946, which captures the resilience of labourers under oppressive systems.


8. Magdalene Odundo (Kenya)

  • Legacy: A contemporary ceramicist whose works draw from African pottery traditions while embracing modern sculptural aesthetics.
  • Notable Work: Her vessels, often asymmetrical and flowing, are highly sought after for their cultural and artistic significance.


Magdalene Odundo, Symmetrical Reduced Black Narrow-Necked Tall Piece, 1990. Terracotta, 16 x 10 x 10 in, Brooklyn Museum, Wikimedia Commons


9. Skunder Boghossian (Ethiopia)

  • Legacy: An artist and educator, Boghossian fused African symbolism with surrealism and modernist techniques.
  • Notable Work: His paintings often incorporate Ethiopian religious iconography, creating vibrant and layered compositions.


10. Aina Onabolu (Nigeria)

  • Legacy: Regarded as a pioneer of modern Nigerian art, Onabolu’s works focused on portraiture, emphasising realism and African dignity.
  • Notable Work: Portrait of an African Man, a meticulous depiction of traditional expression and formal attire.


Uche Okeke’s Place in African Modernism

Uche Okeke occupies a central role in African modernism. Unlike many of his contemporaries, who focused on blending traditional forms with Western styles, Okeke delved deeply into indigenous aesthetics, creating an authentic artistic language. His impact extended beyond his art through his mentorship and leadership at the Nsukka School, where he nurtured a new generation of African modernists.


Anecdote: The Debate That Defined a Movement

During a Zaria Art Society meeting, Okeke reportedly challenged his peers: “What makes us modern if we forget who we are?” His question sparked a heated discussion, ultimately solidifying their shared commitment to African identity in modern art.


The modernists on this list revolutionised African art by redefining tradition within the modern world. Uche Okeke’s profound influence shaped this movement and ensured its legacy through his visionary leadership and dedication to cultural preservation.


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